Online Web Application For Selling Computer Products

Online Web Application For Selling Computer Products This undertaking report speaks to the possibility of the Online Shopping Website application for Computer items. In this undertaking we are having essential objective of to expand the offer of the Computer item in the market, and to decrease the manual work and expanding the specialized help for merchants and purchasers to deal or purchase item on the web. The second objective of this site is to keep up the information of purchasers, merchants and item. 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT: In the current framework all exchange are doing in manual that is very tedious and it is extremely hard for upkeep. They need to keep up all information in books and register that is exceptionally hard to finding any information in those bunches of registers and books so it is very tedious and squandering of cash. So to beating every one of these issues we can utilize Online Shopping for Computer item. The web based shopping is the piece of web to do internet buying and selling item with electronic security, presently day this is called as E-business. Client can legitimately buy the item online from his/her home through web. Client can see numerous items and insights regarding the items which are unrealistic in current framework. Client can pay online through Visa there is no compelling reason to keep huge money in pocket and truly setting off to the shop. 1.3 PROJECT AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The major of site for Online Shopping is deal and buy PC items and administrations through the web. This exchange does with the electronic information trade over the web. Client needs to give charge card subtleties for buy item with secure transmission of information trade over the web. The Online Shopping site has numerous targets some of them as follow: It gives data about different results of various classes. Clients buy the items online with the assistance of web. Client will login on site for shopping. Clients buy the item with checking the cost of item and can contrast a similar item and various classes item. Client will pay online installment so security is progressively significant so for that the protected transmission layer is utilized. In the wake of buying item client can have any issue with item so he can give the insights concerning the issue and get answer for that according to require time. Information security is increasingly significant on the grounds that clients individual subtleties are put away in the database so the database is access by just approve individual or administrator. I firmly presume that executing this kind of utilization is extremely valuable for online clients and venders of item or proprietor of the website. 1.4 PROPOSED METHODOLOGIES: In this undertaking we follow the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) techniques use to create site. I have utilized Waterfall Model to build up this site. The fundamental strides in this procedure are Requirement, Analysis, Design, Implementation, Testing and Maintenance. The cascade model is likewise called as direct successive model, in this model all undertakings are finished individually. To utilize this model the significant preferred position is straightforward and all task improvement process happens according to the client prerequisite. http://www.oddtodd.com/mw/clip_image003.gif Figure: Waterfall Model 1.5 SCOPE: This site is essentially for server and conveyed on the server site. The Online Shopping site is essentially valuable to organization for selling PC items around the world. This site will be helpful for the accompanying territories: Helpful for web based selling items for organizations. Use anyplace on the planet in whenever. All data about things is put away in framework. Organization stores all things subtleties, update things, value, markdown and so on. Client can put in online request from wherever by means of web. The System diminishes most manual work and keeps up all data and stores it for future references. This framework will be pertinent for organization just as discount shops, or whatever other Organization who needs to sell their items in worldwide markets. This framework will give more information storeroom. This framework will give simple upkeep to future references. 2. Exploration: 2.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND TO THE SUBJECT: Java innovation is the most mainstream and powerful method to build up any sort of tasks, for example, window application, web application and so forth. J2EE is the java endeavor version to the create web application. To building up this site I have utilized JSP (java server page), Servlet and Java beans which are a piece of J2EE innovation. These advances fundamentally used to give solicitation and take reaction on server side. Model view controller (MVC) engineering: Figure: MVC engineering Model: The model is connected with classes which speak to the application information, this model liable for comprehend what the information is, the manner by which to make, erase, recover and store the information. View: It is fundamentally used to show the information and notification in UI which client needs to transform it. Controller: These classes fundamentally give rationale of the application, which is answerable for coordination the information in the model and the view. About the information base: The MySQL is one of the famous database for creating server side application or web application, it has greater dependability, execution and easy to utilize. The MySQL database is open source, so its setting aside time and cash and it can run on most stages. It is explicitly use to store enormous measure of information or records, So Online Shopping site use MySQL database to keeping up the information about the items, clients, deals, buy and so forth. 2.2 STUDIES ON SPECIFIC ISSUES This framework is absolutely electronic customer server design Set aside effort to discover the difficulties of the online clients Server MIS arrangement Meeting the board Blunder taking care of Arrangement of the application in Apache Tomcat. MySQL database establishment and forms. Setting the way and class way in java. 2.3 TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION Programming Database : MySQL 5.0. Server : Apache Tomcat 4.1 Front End : JSP/Servlets, J2SDK 1.6, HTML, DHTML, Java Script. Editorial manager : Edit besides, Jcreator. Equipment Processor : Intel P-IV based framework Processor Speed : 2.0. GHz Smash : 256 MB to 512 MB Hard Disk : 40GB to 80GB Console : 104 keys 2.4 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING WORK: Proposed framework (Developing framework) and focal points: The framework will lessen manual work which gives simple access and simple workplaces. This framework will give simple GUI (Graphical User Interfaces) for enrollment and fill various structures data. This framework likewise offers office to for clients to enlist their input with respect to item to organization on the web and get answer for that. From Companys ease framework Admin can get effectively subtleties, include new things, update thing or and so forth. The framework will give powerful productive in all regard having a solid security highlights. Negligible and powerful security notices or messages. 3. Plan/STRUCTURAL FORMATION: Search ItemUML Diagram Add Item to Shopping Truck Checkout Truck Framework Client Affirmation All Figure 2: Sample UML graph In the above graph the client search the items and add to shopping basket and in the wake of adding all items which need to purchase then he can the checkout the truck and the framework checks the clients login, Mastercard and all data for additional procedure and gives affirmation for managing. (This chart is test one, will build up the database for better view). 4. Information ACQUISITION: Conveyed database and GUI application Application sent in customer server design. Administration Authentication. Information catch. 5. TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: Wanting to do unit testing, Integration testing and approval tests. 6. In general EVALUATION: Internet Shopping site run on any condition, this is helpful for any PC parts fabricating organization to deal its items on the web. This application on the web, client will utilize this application effectively at anyplace on the planet. The achievability investigation of the venture is follows: Monetary practicality: Web based Shopping site is keeping up enormous measure of verifiable information with utilizing least expense and time. With the assistance of web the client or dealer can advertisements or deal his items online everywhere throughout the world without contributing any expense. Furthermore, the site having graphical UIs so no compelling reason to preparing for client or worker. 7. Task APPROCH AND PLAN: In this stage or approach after the gathering the necessity from customer we can break down the client prerequisites, at that point we can make the arranging and choose the destinations of the venture and partitions the activities advancement into various stages. These stages isolated into task and subtask and it will be finished inside given timeframe. 8. End AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In this task we are covering how accommodating this Online Shopping site to the PC fabricating organization for selling items on the web, and web based buying item to the clients. This application deals with the every recorded datum about the items, clients, merchants to the future reference as supplement, update, and recover the information. It is fundamentally for who dont have the opportunity to go out to shop at shop they can purchase items effectively by means of web from home or office.

Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Situation - Essay Example Besides, it compels one side to feel abused and right, while different feels blame. Raising such strain simples show how bigotry is anything but difficult to revive and troublesome even in its goals. In Ms. Williams’ place, I would current circumstances in remote nations that show the overwhelming outcomes of prejudice, however of counter-bigotry. More significant than essentially bringing issues to light about how prejudice has died down across the country is to show the harm cause when gatherings do precisely what the understudies are doingâ€coming all together to remain against, as opposed to join with, another. I would show promptly the most fundamental case, which is the means by which against Semitism created in Nazi Germany accordingly to a star white development. This would represent how an excessive amount of pride in one’s own race can obliterate. I would proceed to give them brutal real factors of destruction. One model is the Armenian massacre submitted by Turkey, where European individuals endured because of another race. I would likewise make reference to that blacks in Africa are not just the mistreated, as they were in twentieth Century America, y et additionally have been savagely abusive. At long last, this would give the understudies a portion of reality instead of vision. It would be an admonition that contentions have no victors, and that prejudice partitions can isolate into significantly littler feelings of resentment which can end in hurt as well as in stunning loss of human life. This would be an exercise for all, and it would end with a token of why America gives us chance to live togetherâ€because our dads and granddads figured out how to come to

Persuasive Essay Topics For Middle School Students

Persuasive Essay Topics For Middle School StudentsIf you're stuck on essay topics for middle school students, here are some suggestions. It's all about balance; no topic is better than another, but some will be more effective than others.In the beginning of this article I said that you should try to use persuasive essay topics for middle school students with different objectives. Many writers are tempted to write about subjects that are controversial in a community. The truth is that this isn't as important as it sounds. Students, especially those in middle school, have too little experience to make sense of a moral argument or stance that goes against their beliefs and wishes.However, they can get stuck on essays that deal with more controversial subjects because middle school students aren't very interested in what other people think. In fact, they don't want to listen to someone else's opinion. And that's okay. In fact, by using this type of essay topics for middle school students , you're less likely to offend them. Make sure that you're not making your views too much of a mystery, or you'll be doing more harm than good.With this in mind, you can use persuasive essay topics for middle school students that present arguments in a moderate light. The goal is to try to show your viewpoint in a way that doesn't call into question someone else's view. There's nothing wrong with explaining how an idea works or supporting your belief with a well-reasoned argument. Of course, you'll want to avoid being too direct.A good way to begin a persuasive essay topics for middle school students is to start off by asking the question: 'Why do you believe what you believe?' By focusing on this question, you have already demonstrated your own reasoning ability. The more successful you are at explaining your position, the more credibility you'll gain in the eyes of your reader.So how do you make this argument? Do a couple of research articles and start making a case against your o pponent's belief. Talk about how your view of a situation or theory supports the way you understand the world. Finally, you should make a reference to a book, news report, or other source that backs up your belief.This format can be difficult to follow, but it's really effective when you do it right. A lot of middle school students are in a state of denial when it comes to issues related to religion, politics, and culture. By starting the essay with a provocative question and establishing your own belief before dealing with the opposition, you're much more likely to convince them that you're right. Of course, you have to be careful to not give them too much ammunition; once they're convinced, you need to be firm but fair.By following these ideas, you'll be able to apply persuasive essay topics for middle school students, whether you're writing for a grade-level class or a SAT. Always consider who your audience is and what their needs are, then develop a plan to meet those needs.

Keynesian Economic Was Developed By British Economist John...

Keynesian economic was developed by British economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s as a way of understanding why the great depression happened. Keynes felt that if government expenditures increased and taxes were lowered, then the global economy could be pulled out of the depression. Macroeconomics is the study of national and regional economies. It examines economic factors like unemployment, gross national product, consumption, Inflation rates, Business cycle fluctuations and foreign trade. Keynes point of view about the Macro Economy was that the government must step in to correct the instability of the economy. If the economy faces a recession, government must increase demand by spending more; lowering taxes; lowering interest rates and increasing welfare. If the economy faces a time of inflation, the government must reduce demand by spending less; raise taxes; increase interest rates and reducing welfare. Fiscal policy is the use of government spending and taxes to control the economic activity of a country. This is decided upon and implemented by Congress. Macroeconomics mainly focuses on the total output generated within an economy. The dollar value of all goods and services produced within a nation during the course of a year is the Gross Domestic Product. Economic growth, which is the increase in Gross Domestic Product over time, is one of the 3 biggest goals. The other two are full employment and price stability. During a recession, a one-timeShow MoreRelatedBiography of John Maynard Keynes Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the history of economics, there have been many experts and professors whose ideas and theories have fundamentally affected our thoughts and practices, but none has been as influential on this subject as John Maynard Keynes. He was a British economist who revolutionized economic thinking and to this day his work continues to be appreciated and utili zed by many into what is known as â€Å"Keynesian Economics.† John Maynard Keynes was an Englishman born in 1883, who went on to become one of theRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes Contribution to the Theories of Macroeconomics805 Words   |  3 PagesDescribe John Maynard Keynes contribution to the theories of Macroeconomics. Why was he such an important economist? Discuss the theories of two other 20th century economists who made a significant contribution to the study of economics. John Maynard Keynes is one of the founding fathers of the modern economic thought. So influential was John Maynard Keynes in the middle third of the twentieth century that an entire school of modern thought bears his name Keynesian Economics (Library of Economics andRead MoreMilton Friedman And John Keynes Are Two World Renowned1143 Words   |  5 PagesMilton Friedman and John Keynes are two world renowned economist, with many similar and contrasting views that have helped set the foundation of our economy. Friedman s ideology on subjects such as the Monetary Policy, Gold Standard, and the Theory of the consumption function are what made him a extremely impactful economist. Keynes has made his impact on the modern day world as well in many aspects. Both of these economists have helped pave the way to a better, more efficient economy. MonetaryRead MoreJohn Maynard Keynes : Multiplier Effect1603 Words   |  7 Pages John Maynard Keynes: Multiplier Effect In 1931, a British economist named Richard Kahn introduced what is known as the multiplier effect. In Kahn’s article, â€Å"The Relation of Home Investment to Unemployment†, he first introduced the multiplier effect which in turn ended up being his most notable contribution to the field of economics (Richard Kahn, Baron Kahn.). The multiplier effect can be defined as how aggregate expenditure, for example government spending, causes an increase in output. AccordingRead MoreMacroeconomic Theories Of Macroeconomics And Classical Economics999 Words   |  4 PagesMacroeconomics is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets. This includes national, regional, and global economies. With microeconomics, macroeconomics is one of the two most general fields in economics. There are two major macroeconomic theories that economists use to describe the economy. Those theories are Keynesian and Classical. Each theory has a different approach to the economic study of monetaryRead MoreEssay Keynesian Economics1662 Words   |  7 Pages Macroeconomics is the branch of economics concerned with the aggregate, or overall, economy. Macroeconomics deals with economic factors such as total national output and income, unemployment, balance of payments, and the rate of inflation. It is distinct from microeconomics, which is the study of the composition of output such as the supply and demand for individual goods and services, the way they are traded in markets, and the pattern of their relative prices. At the basis of macroeconomicsRead MoreKeynes Macroeconomic Theory Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesthe reasons for the macro-economic instability challenge the prevailing economic orthodoxy? After 100 years of the industrialization era modern economics began to see a change and shift of ideas. These ideas were brought to the front by John Maynard Keynes, who in 1936 transformed much of the modern economics by a single book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Keynes also wrote other titles as well as ‘A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923) which was an attempt to secure a monetaryRead MorePaper on Keynesian Contributions to Public Finance.2759 Words   |  12 PagesPAPER ON KEYNESIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PUBLIC FINANCE 1. Impact of Keynesian Revolution on Public Finance In 1936 British economist John Maynard Keynes published The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Distressed by the failure of national governments to cope with the Great Depression, Keynes rejected many assumptions of classical economics and argued that state intervention, and in particular regulation of interest rates, could control inflation and minimize unemployment. What howeverRead MoreKeynes Theory of Income and Employment3130 Words   |  13 PagesKEYNES THEORY OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT CONTENT OF REPORT †¢ CLASSICAL THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT †¢ KEYNES CRITICISM OF CLASSICAL THEORY OF EMPLOYMENT †¢ KEYNES THEORY OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT †¢ SIGNIFICANCE OF KEYNES THEORY †¢ Criticism on Keynes’ Theory KEYNES THEORY OF INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT The theories of employment are broadly classified into two: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classical theory of employment (b)  Ã‚   Keynesian theory of employment. The classical theoryRead MoreThe Relationship Between Keynes And Social Democracy Essay1911 Words   |  8 PagesKeynesianism is an economic theory believed to have been developed and propagated by John Maynard Keynes, who was a British economist. Keynes postulated that economic growth and reduced unemployment can be aided via the executive`s fiscal policies inclusive of spending to reinvigorate the economy, tinkering with interest rates, and appointment of confirmed statutes on market economics. This theory was developed in the 1930s as a way of better understanding the Great Depression. Keynes championed for

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Short Story Inside The Room - 1394 Words

Inside the room, Mr. Nachton Arthbutnott sat waiting in eager anticipation of her arrival. Although his medical record stated eighty years as his chronological age, his biological age seemed closer to sixty years, according to his laboratory tests and fit, muscular appearance. Despite his long Santa Claus beard, button nose, and rosy red cheeks, he was anything but jolly for he had a curious penitent expression on his face. Although usually laconic, he was loquacious on one particular topic. With brooding owl eyes, he searched Surina’s face as she sat down at her desk. Try as she might, she had difficulty remembering ever meeting the dour Nachton Arthbutnott. â€Å"Dr. Mathew, I am so glad to meet you finally,† Nachton said in a taut anxious voice while wringing his hands. â€Å"By the way, how is the Greysville Quadrant Hospital on Earth? I know someone who works there, Dr. Rod Stinguard!† Like fingernails grating on a chalkboard, the sound of Stinguardâ €™s name reverberated in her ears. Surina’s heart sank to the floor since Stinguard was the last person that she wanted to discuss. Feeling a little queasy, she finally mustered enough strength to ask, â€Å"How do you know Stinguard? Is he a relative of yours, Mr. Arthbutnott?† â€Å"You could say that he was once a long time ago,† Nachton replied cryptically, all the while biting his lower lip and stroking his bushy whiskers. â€Å"I read about you working at the Greysville Quadrant Hospital, so you must have run into Stinguard. IShow MoreRelatedQuiz : Mad Lib Story1166 Words   |  5 Pages#********************************************************** # Program : Mad Lib Story # Author : Kai Szucs # Due Date : Sunday 18th # Description : A (kind of) short mad lib story #********************************************************** #Inputing the extra math and random commands import math import random #ASCII art Title print commands #To spice up the title! #credits to www.patorjk.com for an awesome text to ASCII art generator print( This is... ) print( ââ€"ˆââ€"ˆââ€"ˆââ€"ˆââ€"ˆâ•â€" ââ€"ˆââ€"ˆâ•â€" ââ€"ˆââ€"ˆâ•â€" Read Moreanalysis of the way up to heaven1422 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ The short story that I chose to be the subject of my literature analysis is â€Å"The Way Up to Heaven†,written by the famous author named Roald Dahl. In my opinion,Roald Dahl wanted to convey that marriage was supposedly being built by having tolerance and understanding as its base.Its the other other way round when it comes to the Foster’s in the short story.This short story was simply about Mr. Foster who loved to make her wife,Mrs.Foster suffering by delaying time knowingly thatRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Yellow Wallpaper1087 Words   |  5 PagesIt wasn’t until nearly a century later that it was regarded for what it truly was: a gothic classic in feminist literature. Some of the first readers of Gilman’s short story indulged in it simply for the creepines s and wonder of the story. These readers didn’t entirely realize that â€Å" The Yellow Wallpaper† also gives the reader an inside look at how women were treated and thought of during this time period as well as giving the reader a glimpse into how women who had fallen mentally ill were treatedRead MoreThe Sun Parlor, By Dorothy West1739 Words   |  7 Pagesto avoid leaving as much as a fingerprint on it? Well, if you have, then I think you will relate to this short story by Dorothy West. The Sun Parlor, by Dorothy West, is a fictional story about a room in a family’s house. A room that started off so plain, and probably a little bit unappreciated, then one summer, it was transformed. It was so entrancing, warm, and welcoming, it soon became a room everybody wanted to be in for various amounts of reasons. It was as if the sun parlor were a rollercoasterRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been850 Words   |  4 PagesGoing, Wh ere Have You Been? In the two short stories, The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates, the narrator of The Yellow Wallpaper and Connie from Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? both deal with some eerie situations. In The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the narrator suffers from nervous depression which causes her to stay locked in this room doing nothing active until she actuallyRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1143 Words   |  5 Pagesnovels, poetry and short stories. She was a woman who was educated; her writing reflected her knowledge, relating to her strong thoughts on woman’s rights and independence and how women of Victorian times suffered from this lack of rights. In her short story â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, Charlotte Perkins Gilman conveys her views on feminism and how women are treated through characters who represent this treatment. The characters she uses help the reader really get drawn into her story; keeping them intriguedRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1133 Words   |  5 Pagesmay not contain all of the gothic elements, it is the epitome of a gothic short story. In The Tell-Tale Heart, the setting seems to be inside an old house, which strengthens the atmosphere of mystery and suspense. The madness and overall insanity of the narrator illustrates the sense of high, overwrought emotion. The presence of creaking hinges and the darkness represent the metonymies of gloom and horror throughout the story. Sustaining the atmosphere of the gothic, the appropriate vocabulary alsoRead MoreThe Yellow Wall Paper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman819 Words   |  4 Pages In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper† the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman displays the central idea that no one can really know how it feels to be trapped in a way, but it can quickly happen to anyone. The story would be seen through a first person narrator point of view through the narrator whose name is never actually stated in the story other than in a quote at the end of the story where she says â€Å" I’ve got out at last despite you and Jane†, it is believed that Jane is the narrator. Jane’sRead MoreThe 1950’s -1960’s was a tough time for African Americans. Struggling for freedom since the 19th700 Words   |  3 Pagesthey were finally closer to getting what they deserved. Alice walker’s short story, â€Å"Everyday use,† describes the different stances blacks had during that decade. The author uses characterization, symbolism, and theme to demonstrate African American viewpoints during the civil rights movement. Characters are picked carefully because without them the plot of the story is nonexistent. In Alice walker’s short story, â€Å"Everyday Use,† there are three main characters. Mama is a â€Å"large, bigRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 Pagesthe short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, and the curiosity of her house is a common interest among the whole town. Set aside from the mystery of Emily Grierson and her home, this short story holds a few mysteries within itself. Who exactly is telling this story, how in the world are they so knowledgeable about Miss Emily, and how does the â€Å"rose† in the title of this story actually relate and tie in? â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short story that

Criminal Law Revision Notes free essay sample

Proximity test: (R v Eagleton): How close is the accused to committing the final act that constitutes the offence? Substantial step test: Has the accused made substantial progress towards completion of the offence? Consider how much progress has been made and what is left to do. †¢ Unequivocality test: (R v Williams): requires that there be ‘no possible innocent explanation for the accused’s conduct’. (Any conduct which might have an innocent explanation cannot be brought by the prosecution as evidence). A precise test, but considered too restrictive. †¢ Last step test: (R v Chellingworth): Has the accused taken the last step towards the completed offence? Voluntary desistance (s4, par. ): If the accused does most of the acts required to constitute the offence but then stops, it is generally no defence (although may be considered in sentencing). Impossibility (s4, par. 3): †¢ Legal: It is impossible for the accused to commit an offence only where th ere is no offence at law to capture the defendant’s conduct (e. g. if the defendant mistakenly believes that it is an offence to acquire a certain weapon, but attempts to do so anyway = no offence). BUT, †¢ Factual: if the offender tries to commit an offence but the offence cannot be committed for factual reasons, this is still an attempt: English. eg, the offender tries to import drugs, but the ‘drug’ is talcum powder)’ Conspiracy: [not in exam] †¢ takes place before any preparatory action. (An offender is usually not charged with conspiracy and a completed offence. , so conspiracy is not relevant if an offence is actually committed). †¢ No definition in Code, defined in common law as ‘an agreement between 2 or more persons to achieve a common objective’ (R v Campbell). (note: agreement must be reached. Not sufficient that parties were in communication). †¢ There must be an intention to do all the elements of the offence. There must be a positive intention – recklessness will not suffi ce. †¢ If there is no agreement, there is no conspiracy – BUT, it is not necessary that all conspirators know one another. †¢ When 2 or more conspirators are charged, the fact that A is acquitted does not necessarily mean B will be as well (R v Darby). †¢ You can’t conspire to do something that is legally impossible. †¢ You can conspire to do something that is factually impossible. Aiding s 7(b) and (c) †¢ What is the principal offence and who is principal offender? Deal with them first †¢ Then distinguish from counselling; presence, constructive presence  · Law: Aiding is providing support, help or assistance (R v Beck) to the PO. Aid is generally given to the PO during the commission of the offence, but can be before the offence (Ancuta). If a person aids another in the commission of an offence they will be liable for the primary offence under s 7(b) or (c).  · First, there must be proof of a Principal Offence actually committed, although conviction of a Principal Offender not necessary (R v Lopuszynski). There can be joint Principal Offenders (Mohan v R). define  · (b): requires proof of assistance being given for the purpose of aiding the commission of the offence. Therefore, an accused can act with the purpose of aiding but not actually aid, and still be liable (R v Arnold).  · 7(c): does not specify mental element, but has been held that ‘aids’ means ‘knowingly aids’( Jervis v R: ‘aids’ h eld to be a word that carries an inherent mental element).  · In both 7(c) and (d), the accessory must have actual knowledge of the future offence they are aiding, as opposed to merely a suspicion (although this knowledge can be inferred from proof of exposure to the obvious). It is sufficient that the accused contemplates the type of crime to be committed by the PO it is not necessary that its precise details be known (Ancuta). Recklessness, however, is an insufficient mental state for aiding. (Giorgianni).  · Variable: Where the offence is one requiring fault elements, the accused must also have actual knowledge that the principal offender possessed the fault element for the principal offence (Stokes and Difford).  · Variable: Non-interference to prevent a crime is not an offence BUT the fact that a person is ‘voluntarily and purposely present’ and offers no opposition may be grounds for a jury to find that he aided. Positive action NOT essential (Coney). Passive presence at the scene is aid, IF the accused knows his/her presence is encouraging/supporting the PO (e. g. , combination of prior aid and continued nondissociating presence may constitute implied offer of continuing aid = aid under s7) (Beck).  · Apply to facts  · Conclude Counselling or Procuring: s 7(d)  · Law: If a person counsels or procures another to commit an offence they will be liable for the primary offence under s 7(d).  · Procure means to provide information or material assistance to the PO, and that the provisions cause or bring about the crime (R v Beck). ‘Procuring’ involves intentionally causing the commission of the offence. Humphry v R: ‘procure’ means to produce by endeavour, and one procures a thing by setting out to see that it happens. The accused must also have an intention to assist (Georgianni v R) the PO and general knowledge of the planned crime (Ancuta).  · Counselling means advice or encouragement (Stuart v R) before the commission of the offence. The counsel does not need to cause the crime (R v Coney). Section 9 extends liability beyond s7(d). [again, not really helpful here. You need to look at 7(d) direct, and only if that is not gven, you mention section 9] If it is established that the accused counselled the PO to commit the offence, then a jury must determine if the offence was a probable consequence of the counsel. Probable is defined (Darkan v R) as more probable than not, or of probability less than 50/50, but more than real chance.  · Apply to facts  · Conclude Common purpose, s8 Liability under s8 attaches when one of the parties goes beyond the common unlawful design/ plan. (If parties are within common plan, s7 enough for determining liability).  · Law: When two or more persons together form a common intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose the court will regard them as joint principal offenders. The prosecution must establish that; (1) the accused formed an intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose (Brennan v R); (2) the PO committed the unlawful purpose (R v Phillips and Lawrence); and (3) the principle offence must have been a probable consequence of the prosecution of the unlawful purpose. Test of whether ‘probable consequence’ is objective (Stuart v R). Probable is defined (Darkan v R) as more probable than not, or of probability less than 50/50, but more than just a ‘substantial or real chance’. There is no liability if PO unexpectedly departs from the common purpose and commits an offence that was not within the contemplation of the accessory and was not a probable consequence of the common purpose (R v Anderson and Morris)  · Apply to facts  · Conclude Withdrawal s 8(2) †¢ Law: An accessory will not be liable until the PO is actually committed (s 8(2)). The accused can terminate their involvement and escape their liability if they; (1) withdrew from the prosecution of the unlawful purpose; (2) by words or conduct communicate their withdrawal from the unlawful purpose to those invloved in the PO; and (3) take reasonable steps to prevent the commission of the offence (R v Menniti).  · Apply to Facts  · Conclude Fraud (not in exam) †¢ Law: Fraud is when an owner parts with their property under false pretences. It is defined in s409 as (1) any person; (2) with intent to defraud; (3) by deceit or any other fraudulent means; (4) obtains property from another person. An intent to defraud is discussed in Balcombe v De Simoni. It requires an intention to induce, and does induce, another to act  ·  · ? Deceit or other fraudulent means are generally statements of fact that the defendant knew to be untrue (R v Carpenter). But the definition is very broad. ? Obtains is defined in s1 as obtaining possession of property. Possession wi thout ownership is enough (Seiler v R). ? Property in s1 includes everything, animate or inanimate, that is capable of ownership. Apply to facts Cobclusion