Shakespeares Othello - Iago Essay -- Othello essays

Othello’s Iago  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   We find in William Shakespeare’s tragic play Othello an example of personified evil. He is the general’s ancient, Iago, and he wreaks havoc and destruction on all those under his influence.    Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar in â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello† comment on how the character of Iago is the wholly expected type of villain for an Elizabethan audience:      Iago at once captures the attention of the spectator. He is the personification of the villain that Elizabethans had come to expect from Italian short stories and from Machiavellian commentary. Villains of this type, as well as those of domestic origin, had long been popular on the stage. From the days of the mystery and morality plays, the characters personifying evil invariably had gripped the attention of audiences, for iniquity always stirs more popular excitement than virtue. (127)    First of all, Iago’s very words paint him for what he is. Robert Di Yanni in â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue† states that the evil antagonist reveals his character quite plainly through his speech:    Iago’s language reveals his coarseness; he crudely reduces sexual love to animal copulation. It also shows his ability to make things happen: he has infuriated Brabantio. The remainder of the scene shows the consequences of his speech, its power to inspire action. Iago is thus revealed as both an instigator and a man of crude sensibilities. (123)    David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies enlightens us on the ancient:    Iago’s machinations yield him both â€Å"sport† and â€Å"profit† (1.3.387); that is, he enjoys his evildoing, although he is also driven by a motive. This Vice-like behavior inh... ...gton, David, ed. William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies. New York: Bantam Books, 1980.    Coles, Blanche. Shakespeare’s Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard Smith Publisher, 1957.    Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.   

Position Paper (Education) on Philosophy Essay

The word education is defined as the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life, it is also an art of teaching; pedagogics. Education signify the activity, process, or enterprise of educating or being educated and sometimes to signify the discipline or field of study taught in different schools of education that concerns itself with this activity, process and training. Education has many roots, and since the beginning of man, it has been started and knowledge developed and had been passed from one generation to another. Every generation, it is somehow passed on its stock of values, traditions, methods and skill. The passing on of culture is also known as enculturation and the learning of social values and behaviors is socialization. The history of the curricula of such education reflects history itself, the history of knowledge, beliefs, skills and cultures of man. It is somehow complex because it started with survival and then man paints his own ideas as he travels in life and explore what could be done. He then finds himself being curious and begins finding answers to his questions. One example are the findings of archaeologist who studied the past and came to know different kinds of human activities and cultures, in the caves, based on artifacts, they come to know that people start to draw, write symbols which later was translated and was believed that somehow, man came to learn by himself and knowledge is passed on, their practices somehow gave contribution in our life today, in reading, writing, speaking which is related to education. In pre-literate societies, education was carried out orally and through observation. The young first learned informally from their parents, extended family and grandparents as simple as first steps in reading and writing. At later stages they received instruction of a more structured and formal nature, like the school, imparted by people not necessarily related, in the context of initiation, religion or ritual. There are many forms of education, and it has only one goal: to develop knowledge. Let’s take Philosophical education; it is the process of education or the philosophy of the discipline of education. It is part of the discipline in the sense of being concerned with the articulation, desideratum, arrangement, or results of the process of educating or being educated; or it may be metadisciplinary in the sense of being concerned with the concepts of the discipline, it also aims to investigate the educational significance of philosophy. It all started with the birth of philosophy, in the place of Greece and was spread worldwide. All cultures in all forms; prehistoric, medieval, or modern; Eastern, Western, religious or secular have their own unique schools of philosophy, arrived through both inheritance and through independent discovery. Such theories have flourished from different premises and approaches, examples of which include rationalism (any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification), empiricism (theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.) and even through leaps of faith, hope and inheritance. There may be different kinds of philosophical school, but the goal is to understand the development of philosophical ideas through time. Philosophy of education as such does not describe, compare, or explain any enterprises to systems of education, past or present; except it is concerned with the tracing of its own history, it leaves such delving to the history and sociology of education. Analytical philosophy of education is the logical positivist principle that there are no any specifically philosophical truths and that the basis of philosophy is the logical resolution of thoughts. This may be contrasted with the traditional foundationalism, which considers philosophy as a special, elite science that investigates the fundamental reasons and principles of everything. As an outcome, many analytic philosophers have considered their exploration as continuous with, or subordinate to, those of the natural sciences. It is meta to the discipline of education–to all the inquiries and thinking about education. It comprehends of its task as that of analysis: the definition of educational concepts like teaching, indoctri nation, trait, and ability, and including the concept of education itself. * BODY Philosophical education was traditionally developed by philosophers for example, Aristotle, Augustine, and John Locke Jean Jacques Rousseau, as part of their philosophical systems, in the context of their ethical theories. * Plato Plato’s allegory of the cave in his most important work, the Republic wherein he conceives the following vision: prisoners are chained in such a way that they face the dark and back part of the cave. They have been there for a long time and are like doomed and had nothing to do and has no perception in life. They can see nothing but themselves. They see only shadows of some certain stuff cast by a fire that burnt in a ledge above and behind them which they had no care about, between the fire and the prisoners is a wall line path alon g which people walk carrying vases alongside, they hear echoes of voices. Socrates then supposes that a prisoner is freed and permitted to stand up and explore the cave. Now, he is forced up the â€Å"steep and rugged ascent† (Plato’s allegory of education) and brought outside the sunlit exterior world. But the light blinds him. He must first look at the shadows of the trees, then at the mountains. Finally, he is able to see the sun itself. We are like the prisoners in the cave, still in the darkness not educated and are not yet philosophers. It’s like the cave is our confined world and we are still on our own selves and not merely had explored the outside bright world for our development, and inside the cave we see shadows, hear voices like there is a chaos going on we only implement fear, fear of exploring our own world and its vast approach to us. We are like prisoners in our own life which has no particular benefit to us, we can never attain real knowledge if we do not explore. The journey out the cave is said to be the philosophical education and the prisoner who was unchained is the kind of person who ought to be educated because he explored and find out what is behind the light, he has attained warmth and truth. Through this, one can conclude that most of the human beings would rather live a comfortable, happy and familiar life, than a life full of obstacles and pain, which would ultimately lead them to the â€Å"larger truths of life†. Man is contended with the â€Å"consensus reality†, i.e. the reality agreed by all, even if it is as imaginary and as unreal as the shadows on the walls of the cave man is also contended that they have the security of a family, of a society, of religion around them. However, according to Plato, there will come one questioner, one philosopher, from time to time, who will critically look at himself and the world around him, who will wonder why things are the way they are and then will make his own decisions regarding how things should be and that is being open-minded and being curious. * Jean Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau’s view on education differ to those with Plato, The focus of Émile is upon the individual tuition of a boy/young man in line with the principles of ‘natural education’. This focus tends to be what is taken up by later commentators, yet Rousseau’s concern with the in dividual is balanced in some of his other writing with the need for public or national education. Rousseau believed it was possible to preserve the original nature of the child by careful control of his education and environment based on an analysis of the different physical and psychological stages through which he passed from birth to maturity. He also believed we can make good citizens out of training. From the first moment of life, men ought to begin learning to deserve to live; he finds himself reasons why he is living. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) Émile (1911 edn.), London: Dent, pp.6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) Émile (1911 edn.), London: Dent, pp.6. Now each of these factors in education is wholly beyond our control, things are only partly in our power; the education of men is the only one controlled by us; and even here our power is largely illusory, for who can hope to direct every word and deed of all with whom the child has to do. Viewed as an art, the success of education is almost impossible since the essential conditions of success are beyond our control. Our efforts may bring us within sight of the goal, but fortune must favor us if we are to reach it. What is this goal? As we have just shown, it is the goal of nature. Since all three modes of education must work together, the two that we can control must follow the lead of that which is beyond our control. * CONCLUSION Education is really vast. I can say that I agree with both philosophers, all of us should be educated for education is the grounds for gaining knowledge and wisdom. It is an important tool that can be used for the success of your future. The more you are educated while you are young, the better chance you’ll have at gaining a successful career. Being educated is being well-informed. Once you have made the decision to attain an education, certain virtues must be possessed. You must be motivated by something, whether it is money, power, or just the desire to learn. It is motivation that drives you to learn new things and to expand your horizons. You must prepare for an education. For everything that you want to know, there is something else you need to know first. It’s like before you can be proficient on a piano you must know music, and before you can be proficient on a computer you must learn to use a keyboard and a mouse before you can dance you should have training grounds. Education is the key to success. * BIBLIOGRAPHY * Phaedo, 82c; and The Republic, book VII, 518d, both in Plato, Complete Works, ed. JohnM.Cooper * Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762) Émile (1911 edn.), London: Dent, pp.6.

Bshs/305 - 827 Words

University of Phoenix Material Final Exam |Name: | Indicate your answer to each of the following questions by highlighting your choices. Each correct answer is worth .5 points. 1. Which one of the following skills best helps the human services professional understand the client’s environment? a. Listening b. Report writing c. Problem solving d. Advising 2. Ethical codes adopted by a profession are usually based on the premise that a. the solution to every problem can be found in the ethical code b. professions can police themselves. c.†¦show more content†¦Intended to address areas such as employment, goods and services, and participation in the political process 7. Clients seeking human services can benefit from technology a. without worrying about confidentiality issues b. without knowing much about computers themselves c. without physically meeting with a professional d. without worrying about the quality of services 8. According to the text, factors that influence how a client defines and resolves a problem include all of the following EXCEPT a. the qualifications of the helper b. the client’s developmental needs c. the client’s cultural values d. how the client perceives the situation 9. Supporting activities such as films, speakers, school programs, and pamphlets educate the population, which is a goal of the a. human service model b. public health model c. medical model d. all three models 10. The whole person refers to one of the following: a. the person and his or her environment b. the person and all the medical personnel involved c. the person and relationships with all the family d. the person and the problems he or she faces 11. Empathy is best described as a. crying when someone else is hurt b. feeling sorry for others c. acceptance of others and seeing their situation from their perspective d. being able to read anotherShow MoreRelatedClient Paper BSHS 3051192 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Client paper Name of student Name of tutor Course Institution’s name Date Client paper Understanding the needs, concerns and the attitudes of the clients is important on the part of the client human services providers, since it will help them to provide quality services to the clients. Some social, cultural, and personal factors do affect the provision of services to the clients. For a client to gain quality and satisfaction on the goods that are being provided by theRead MoreBshs/305 Foudation of Human Services Week 1 Sheet687 Words   |  3 Pages University of Phoenix Material Foundations of Human Services Worksheet Answer, in a 50- to 100-word response, each of the following questions: 1. Identify the four themes of human services. †¢ Problems in living: human beings are not always able to meet their own needs and human services has developed in response to the need. †¢ The growing number of problems in the modern world: Human services has emerged in response to the growth in humans problems in our modern worldRead MoreHuman Sevice Final Exambshs839 Words   |  4 PagesBSHS 305 Final Exam Instructions: Indicate your answer to each question below by highlighting your choice. Each correct answer is worth .5 points. Please note that there is NO LATE PERIOD for the final. Your exam must be uploaded no later than 11:59 p.m. on the last day of class. 1. Which one of the following skills best helps the human service professional understand the client’s environment? a. listening b. report writing c. problem solving d. advising 2. Ethical codes adoptedRead MoreProblems Human Service Clients are facing1123 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Problems Human Service Clients are facing Tosha Hawes BSHS/305 Instructor: Angela Murray The Range of Problems facing Human Service Clients Clients are rarely dealing with just one issue at a time. Individuals, groups, and communities are facing a wide range of problems. These problems could range from housing needs, food, mental illness, drug abuse, or family issues, which may be difficult to deal with on just one level. Those individuals or groups and the problems they are facingRead MoreProblems Facing Human Services1248 Words   |  5 PagesClient Paper Rebecca Jenkins Barbara Kennedy BSHS/305 07/19/2015 The range of problems facing human service clients is multi-faceted. No one person has just one problem, and there are plenty of clients to go around (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011). I believe this point is well articulated by Neil Headman, assistant professor of human services at the University of Illinois at Springfield (2011), who stated â€Å"It does not matter who your client is, everyone needs help† (Bureau of LaborRead MoreIn our world today there are a very large number of problems that human service client1123 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Range of Problems Facing Human Service Clients Chaleetra Johnson-Hornes University Of Phoenix Karen Miner 18 August 2014 BSH/305 â€Å"Problems for clients are rarely single issues and the human service Professional should approach each client with the expectation of more than One problem.† (Woodside McClam, 2011, p. 13) In our world today there are a very large number of problems that human service client’s face on a daily basis and problems in living is atRead MoreThe Range of Client Problems and the Helping Skills Used with Clients1622 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ The Range of Client Problems and the Helping Skills Used with Clients Christie Lynn Kainz BSHS/305 August 25, 2014 Karis Barnett The Range of Client Problems and the Helping Skills Used with Clients Buddha once said, â€Å"If you light a lamp for someone else it will also brighten your path†. The purpose of helping is to assist others in learning to overcome and/or cope with the problems they face in every day life. Those providing the help often do so to feel a sense of purpose byRead MoreBSHS 345 Week 4 Annotated Bibliography1433 Words   |  6 Pages Annotated Bibliography BSHS/345 Annotated Bibliography Juleen K. Buser, Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 37.2 (April 2009): 94-104 This article is a great article that relates to African Americans seeking mental health treatment at lower rates than whites. The article states that this disparity can be attributed to attitudes toward services, alternate coping, and differences in care. This article also illuminates biases in counseling. Snowden, Lonnie R, Barriers toRead MoreThe Role Of The Environmental Manager In Advancing Environmental6180 Words   |  25 Pages[3] [4] [5] References Butler, B. P. Ecological Balance: The Greater Goal of the Environmental Manager. Rochester Institute of Technology 2009. ProQuest Dissertations Theses (PQDT), Web. http://search. proquest.com.ezproxy.rit.edu/docview/305 074668?accountid=108 Byrns, Jr., E. â€Å"A Model for a Firm’s Optimal Environmental Policy.† Engr Economist 39.3 (1994): 249-249. Web. 7 February 2012. â€Å"Chevron’s ‘Amazon Chernobyl’ Lawsuit in Ecuador: Subject of Congressional Hearing on Environment and

Hate Crimes, Racism, and Prejudice Examined in The Museum...

The Museum of Tolerance is a museum that examines hate-crimes around the world caused by racism and prejudice. The museum focuses mainly on the history of Holocaust, out of all hate crimes in the world. However, when digging through the museum, the Museum of Tolerance appeared to be biased in a way with their portrayal of many images. The formal title of the museum is the Museum of Tolerance. They chose this title, because they want to promote tolerance and understanding of hate crimes in our schools and communities. Instead of naming their museum, â€Å"Museum of Tolerance†, they could have chosen the title, â€Å"Remembering The Holocaust†, since the museum mainly focuses on the Holocaust. When touring inside the museum, it was obvious that†¦show more content†¦In those clips, it showed many Muslims protesting and shouting, â€Å"Kill all Jews† and Islamic extremists terrorizing everyone in the world. This wasn’t just shown in one section of the gallery, but also in many other sections. Even though there are few Islamic terrorists, I know for a fact from the class reading, (Why Are There So Many Muslim Terrorists? By Christopher Bates), that there aren’t a lot of Muslim terrorists in reality. The way the museum portrayed the Muslims kind of looked as if they were stere otyping the Muslims and that they are the cause of hate crimes. Further inside the museum, they had like a time machine simulator where it took you to the past during the rise and fall of Nazi Germany. This really made me see and feel what it was like back then, which is way better than just reading or listening about it from someone else. Even though the museum has this cool feature, I think the museum is a bit worse in a way since they are biased. They make it look like as if Jews were the only victims of the Holocaust. There were many victims of the Holocaust who weren’t Jews. Many homosexuals were also Nazi’s targets during the Holocaust. The museum taught us that the power of words can lead to terrorism and that we tend to allow hatred to continue because it’s much easier to ignore than confront the issue. These were demonstrated during the time machine simulator along with some blame. For example, the simulator showed that when

Writing Praxis And Performance By Greg Dening - 1936 Words

Of the many wonderful fragments of wisdom in Greg Dening’s article ‘Writing: Praxis and Performance’, which details how to produce appealing and creative historical prose, I believe one stands out above the rest. Be mysterious, he tells us. I’d be a fool not to take this on board. With that in mind, I wish to begin with a small mystery of my own. â€Å"He has married many women, but has never been married. Who is he?† Listen closely, and you might just find out. In many ways, analysing this article is the most straightforward task I will undertake in my academic career. I mean, everything I could possibly need to know is explained to me, right there in the article. It is a self-perpetuating prophecy, describing in stunning and florid detail precisely how to write about it. It provides concise and understandable lists of tips, rules, and guidelines for historical writing. And it does all this in engaging, challenging, and imaginative ways. Really, as long as I actually read the thing, it should be impossible to go wrong. How could I fail? Nevertheless, presenting this article is also particularly intimidating. Can I live up to that? Can I actually follow these rules, take on board and rearticulate the wealth of advice? Much like history itself, I view this is an enticing paradox, one which I wholly intend to embrace. So, as Dening himself astutely observes, â€Å"†¦let me give some advice on writing, and you can see for yourself whether I take my own advice.† That said, it would be

Challenges Faced By Asian In Bali

Question: Write about theChallenges Faced By Asian In Bali. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about challenges faced by Asian in Bali. From last so many years, Bali is considered as one of the biggest attraction among the Island. It is located in Sunda Island and has been considered as a paradise on earth and all thanks to the tropical kind of landscapes, and it is also white sandy beaches and the completed with so many Hindu temples along with the reputation for overall goodness among the people of the country. However, the overall attraction of the place is soon becoming a past thing with some major threats to the country with a population of nearly touching four million (Hitchcock, 2009). The surrounding are transforming beyond any recognition, and it is becoming a prey to the collected impact of the mass amount of tourism with unbridled consumption of multiple resources along with a collapse in the environment. After the year 1970, the country has transformed into a major tourist destination and however, it is mainly limited to culture-ba sed tourism. But the time is changing, and from culture tourism, it is becoming a mass tourism, and that is becoming the main issue. There are some challenges as well which people faces while visiting the place. The report discusses in detail different challenges that Asian faces while coming to Bali (Hitchcock, 2009). Literature Review The country has now had hundreds of Hotels which are being used up a huge share of reserves for fresh water. Bali has become an important tourist destination over the year and number of visitors coming to Bali is only increasing every year. In fact, the numbers of tourists were completely unaffected by the terror attack of 2002, which left so many people dead including Australians. Since there is growth in a number of people visiting the place, use of land is also increasing, and more than seven hundred hectares of land goes into it (Coker et al., 2011). Construction is being done in luxury housing for foreigners, or just roads construction is also done constantly to improve overall connections. Huge of the amount of waste is dumped every year, and the country is trying to recycle some amount of it as well. There is also increase in usage of cars for obvious reasons, and the increase is causing jams issues (Coker et al., 2011). Therefore, to decrease the bad impacts of mass tourism on the local culture, the authorities have introduced a lot of environmental legislations. Some provisions in it make it necessary for the resorts to be established at least hundred and fifty meters away from the beaches with absolutely no kind of hotels existing within five km of temples. Up till now, these changes have not made much of difference and constant efforts are taken to the decentralized government in Indonesia as well. A stretch of seventeen thousand islands and the population of almost two hundred and fifty million have given authority and power which is disproportionate by nature to elected sheriffs (Monojit, 2011). These people run areas which equal to any British country. These elected members do not favor new laws because the law on protection of the environment has been passed however these elected members who look for some financial gain and are also very hard with developers of property are doing everything t o save the law from getting enforced. On top of all the issues discussed within the country because of tourism, there are some issues which people are visiting the place are also facing. The report will focus on challenges faced by Asian while traveling to Bali. There are some controversies which have happened in the past and also questioned the credibility of the country because of which tourists are also becoming little hesitant (Monojit, 2011). Analysis As far as, issues of local leaders are concerned, it is clear that they don't have any perspective in the long run. The only interest they have is a return on investment, and further tourism permits that too. The biggest issue is that when the development of the country reaches the saturation point, visitors will lose the interest since they could no longer find what exactly they are looking for. It is important for Bali authorities to understand that the concept of tourism is partly because of the attraction associated with the overall culture. In case, mass tourism develops in a method that can threaten the existence of culture; it is important to understand that particular attractions will be lost completely (Emmers and Ravenhill, 2011). The culture so far has been used as merchandise, and people of the country are also worried about losing the significance of culture as well as religion. Local people spend a huge amount of time in temples and also further respects the overall rituals. However, the mass tourism has further disappointed many similar kinds of practices. Also, diversity in the local culture and the particular character of specific rituals are also harmonized from time to time. Tourists are given a standard package because of that. It is a challenging job to bring some halt in such kind of trends since the travel trade does make a very positive impact as well because tourism being the main occupation, the standard of living of people is improving and many local people are completely unaware of the situation (MacRae, 2011). There are almost four-fifths of the society in Bali who is dedicated to routine worship and but now youngsters who are expected to pay some compensation regarding money are unable to attend rituals and in fact, are fed up with the system. Also, the people of the country is constantly becoming obsessed with an easy monetary value that they are gaining and companies like gamelans are completely on the verge of extinction and the language of the country is also losing its ground to official language (Warren, 2012). With major transformation, it seems like in cultural perspective; the future can be a huge disaster. Following is the detail discussion of challenges for Asian: - Warnings as well as dangers in Bali: the island has many volcano based mountains; rice paddies as well as coral based reefs. There is some of the major attraction of the country, but it is also important to notice different warning and possible dangers that exist in the place. The country is considered very close to nature because of which there are some do's and don'ts while visiting the country and Asian people must be well aware of it (Sukma, 2012). Frauds from airport money changers: tourist will find a lot of money changes near and around the airport while visiting the place for the first time. However, the exchange rates provided by these people are atrocious. Asian people must get it done after reaching the destination but it is imperative to be careful in those areas as well. Some people in the profession are not very honest, and these people continually attempt to completely distract the tourist and try to steal money as well. It is usually done by engaging in unimportant communication and trying to money from the wallets. It is very crucial to be very careful while roaming around these people(Sukma, 2012). It is also important to be careful while dealing with animals in an island. There are many animals on the island are suffering from a specific kind of disease, and in some case they also carried rabies. However, the island is taking some concrete steps to handle the situation, but there are still some issues. Animals that been given medical assistance have provided with a bright red collar. Therefore, animals who are not carrying any collar than obviously, these animals have not received any treatment and tourist must stay away from them. It is important to keep valuable under the lock and keys to those lock in the hotel room only. It is the very unfortunate situation where it is not important where people stay or whether the hotel is a five star, it is important to be important to be aware of the theft in hotels. If there are any valuable with tourists like jewelry, camera or anything and if in case they plan to leave it in hotels it is important to lock it in the suitcase because there are chances that it may be gone while returning (Baldwin et al., 2013). While traveling local areas, it is also important to be careful from the local vendors as well which are present on the beach. It can look exciting to get braiding done on hair or purchasing something at the time of relaxing on the beach, but the tourists will have to be very cautious because the shopkeeper can quote a high price but it is important to negotiate with them. Many countries in Asia as well are warning the people visiting Bali since there is also a threat of terrorist attacks in Indonesia and tourists have been asked to check insurance as well. People are being warned to be extremely careful while visiting places like Bali because of threats of attacks. Tourists that are planning to visit some unstable areas must be very vigilant and also prepared which can also mean that it is important to check all kinds of fine print in the insurance papers. Some so many Asian people head to Bali every year, especially in a festive time like new years or Christmas. But the travel warning in the area or the region always remain the same, and it is also advised that the overall tension is also escalated and therefore there are so many people as the tourist must decrease the risks of being in a large gathering (Vandenbosch and Butwell, 2015). Government official and foreign ministry in so many countries rather motivate the tourists to completely stay away from crowded places where protective security is at the low level. Instead, tourists can look to escape the crowd and enjoy some secluded places that the island has to offer. It doesn't mean, the tourist must not visit the place, but there is the existence of level two warning in some placed for this particular island. Authorities are asking to be just very careful while traveling to these places. This also means to be specifically very careful at some natural targets for terrorists like nightclubs, cafes, restaurants, airports and much more like temples or other places to worship or places which has the low-security level. Tourists must also pay some close attention to the personal level of security at all the times and also supervise the media about all possible new safety measure and risks on security (Vandenbosch and Butwell, 2015). Conclusion The security issues have been taken very seriously by local people for some years now. There is some security level of inspection points as well right before people enters the hotels where guards are also checking what's underneath the care with mirror. There are so many incidences where tourist felt extremely safe in the country since these people enjoyed the overall space and the quiet environment (Acharya, 2013). These tourists also mentioned that they tried to stay away from busy or crowded places and only used resorts or hotel's transportation to visit areas around or taken some trusted drivers with good images. It is important to understand that when Bali is compared with other destination, Bali tried to retain so much of its current magic and specifically in areas which are completely away from the impact of mass tourism. However, it is important to take care and halt the trend present right now since it can bring long-term suffering for the people visiting as well as resident s in the area (Acharya, 2013). Reference Hitchcock, M., 2009.Tourism in Southeast Asia: challenges and new directions. Nias Press. Coker, R.J., Hunter, B.M., Rudge, J.W., Liverani, M. and Hanvoravongchai, P., 2011. Emerging infectious diseases in southeast Asia: regional challenges to control.The Lancet,377(9765), pp.599-609. Monojit, U.Z.A.K.B., 2011. Challenges in designing input method editors for Indian languages: The role of word-origin and context.Advances in Text Input Methods (WTIM 2011), p.1. Emmers, R. and Ravenhill, J., 2011. The Asian and global financial crises: consequences for East Asian regionalism.Contemporary Politics,17(2), pp.133-149. MacRae, G., 2011. Rice farming in Bali: organic production and marketing challenges.Critical Asian Studies,43(1), pp.69-92. Warren, C., 2012. Risk and the sacred: environment, media and public opinion in Bali.Oceania,82(3), pp.294-307. Sukma, R., 2012. The ASEAN political and security community (APSC): opportunities and constraints for the R2P in Southeast Asia.The Pacific Review,25(1), pp.135-152. Baldwin, R., Kawai, M. and Wignaraja, G., 2013.The future of the world trading system: Asian perspectives. Asian Development Bank. Vandenbosch, A. and Butwell, R., 2015.The changing face of Southeast Asia. University Press of Kentucky. Acharya, A., 2013. ASEAN 2030: challenges of building a mature political and security community.

Odd and Even Pricing

Introduction Firms are established with the goal of maximizing the level of their profitability. However, the attainment of this goal might be subject to diverse macro environmental changes. For example, the intensity of competition may shrink a firm’s profitability potential. Additionally, changes in the economic environment may affect the consumers’ purchasing power.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Odd and Even Pricing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite these market dynamics, managers should have an obligation to ensure that their businesses attain an optimal market position, which highlights the significance of adopting effective strategic management practice. One of the aspects that managers should consider in an effort to promote their firms’ competitive advantage relates to pricing. Caplin and Leahy (80) argue that a significant proportion of firms have not incorporated p ricing in their strategic framework. Therefore, the prices of their products are based on naive pricing rules. Price is a critical component that organizational managers should consider in their effort to influence the consumers’ decision-making process. Choi, Kiljae, and Yong-Yeon (603) emphasize that consumers are very sensitive to price. Despite their level of sensitivity, the consumers’ purchasing decision is motivated by the need to maximize their level of utility. This aspect underscores why firms should adopt an optimal pricing format in order to attract and retain customers, hence increasing the profit maximization potential. This paper evaluates the concept of pricing format by focusing on the odd and even pricing formats. Moreover, the relevant theories that support the two pricing formats are also assessed. In this study, it is assumed that the price ending strategy does not communicate the quality of the product. Literature review Analysis Previous studies have led to the development of different theories in an effort to explain consumer behaviors. Some of these theories include the prospect, expected utility, and the cumulative prospect theories.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The expected utility theory This theory postulates that consumers face risky prospects and uncertainties in their purchasing decision-making process. The risky outcomes emanate from the view that they are faced by a wide range bundles of goods and services from which they are required to select. Thus, their decision-making process is undertaken by assessing the expected utility values, which refers to the degree of consumer preference. Consequently, if the utility of product A is greater than that of product B [U (A)U (B)], then the consumer will prefer product A to B. Under conditions of uncertainty, the consumers’ choice is based on t he expected utility, which is a summation of all possible (n) utilities with regard to the various outcomes (Oi).The model below illustrates the formula of the expected utilities. Source: (Caplin and Leahy 65). The prospect theory This theory emphasizes the psychological component of consumer choice. The theory is based on the element of uncertainity in the consumers’ purchasing process. The theory contends that consumers follow two main stages in making decisions involving risky options. The first phase is characterized by editing or simplification of the situation faced by assesing the associated gains and losses. For example, the decision to purchase a car worth $ 20,000 may be simplified into gaining the automobile and losing the $ 20,000. However, the process of simplifying the purchase decision varies from one situation to another. This aspect means that the prospect is influenced by the situational circumstances. Caplin and Leahy (63) assert that the consumers’ purchasing decision is based the edited prospects. Subsquently, the process followed in editing the prospects is fundamental in determining the consumers’ purchasing decision.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Odd and Even Pricing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second phase entails making a choice on the most effective options available. The choice of the edited options is influenced by the weight and the apparent value of the options. Consumers select the option that has the highest combined value. Therefore, the prospect theory emphasizes the importance of establishing a reference point. According to the prospect theory, the value of a particular product is determined by comparing with that of another. The cumulative prospect theory This theory is an improvement of the expected utility theory. Nielson and Stowe (31) assert that this theory is comprized of three critical components. The fir st component entails the value function, which takes into account the gains associated with selecting a particular product. The second component entails the loss aversion function. Nielson and Stowe assert that the loss aversion function â€Å"tranforms utilities over gains into utilities over corresponding losses† (32). Under this function, consumers are risk seeking over losses and risk averse over gains. The third component entails the weighing function. According to the cumulative prospect theory, consumers are more concerned about losses than gains associated with purchasing a particular product. Furthermore, the cumulative prospective theory asserts that consumers have diverse risk attitude. The following model describes the cumulative prospect theory of a risky outcome, where p= probability, v= the value function, w= weighing function, and F (x) is the cumulative probabilities all values up to x. Source: (Caplin and Leahy 65)Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pricing formats Marketers are cognizant of the view that effective product pricing plays a fundamental role in maximizing revenue, and hence the level of profitability. Furthermore, marketers have the capacity to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision by adopting effective pricing strategies. One of the marketing strategies that have extensively been utilized by marketers is psychological pricing strategy. The decision to adopt this pricing strategy arises from the need to â€Å"appeal the consumers’ emotions and perceptions in their purchase decision-making process† (Chovancova 29). In addition, Chovancova asserts that the consumers’ decision to buy a â€Å"particular product is based on the perception of the price point set by marketers rather than the actual money price† (29). Chovancova further emphasizes that customers â€Å"react diffently if the price is broken into parts or the product or service is bundled with other items† (2 9). Therefore, it is imperative for marketers to take into account the consumers’ perceptions in setting the price point. Odd and even pricing formats Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (1) define odd-end pricing as a price setting strategy whereby the price of a product is set a few cents below the rounding end counterpart. Examples of odd-end pricing include $3.99 and $3.95, which is just below $4.00. On the other hand, even pricing strategy, refers to a pricing strategy whereby the price point of a product is set at a whole number, for example $4. Even-end pricing strategy is not as attractive amongst retailers as compared to odd-end pricing. This assertion arises from the view that even-end pricing is not effective in enhancing market communication, hence its ineffectiveness in influencing the consumers’ purchasing decision (Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra 2). Odd-end pricing is one of the most common psychological pricing strategies am ongst marketers. Findings of previous studies show that the probability of consumers purchasing products whose prices end with a 9 is higher as compared to products whose prices end with 0, for example $ 99.99 versus $ 100.00 (Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra 1). However, the effectiveness of odd-end pricing varies between utilitarian and hedonic produts. Hedonic products mainly incude luxuries while utilitarian products refer to the necesities. Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (1) are of the opinion that odd-ending pricing is more effective in influencing the consumers’ decision to purchase hedonic products as compared to utilitarian products. Consumers consider odd-end pricing as a way of communicating the price discount being offered. Consumers develop the perception that purchasing a product whose price is set using odd-end pricing is equivalent to recieving a price discount of the amount subtracted from the nearest whole number. Thus, odd-en d pricing is effective in communicating the unexpected gains associated with purchasing the product. Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra assert that odd-end pricing â€Å"is characterized by a high degree of pursuasiveness of gain-framed versus loss-framed messages† (3). Additionally, Choi, Li, Priyamvadha, Promothesh, and Surendra (2) assert that odd-end pricing plays a fundamental role in stimulating the demand for a product. According to Schindler (Relative price level 245), odd-end pricing communicates low price to consumers. Retailers are increasingly exploiting rightmost digits in an effort to indicate the competitiveness of their products to consumers. Schindler (The 99 price ending 74) is of the opinion that odd-end pricing has a positive effect on a firm’s revenue. The effectiveness of odd-end pricing arises from the view that this pricing strategy is effective in communicating a positive image regarding the price of the product to consumers. Schin dler and Kibarian (95) are of the view that using odd-end pricing is likeliy to minimize price sensitivity amongst consumers. Furthermore, odd-end pricing communicates that consumers are not likely to find the product being sold at another outlet at a price lower than the price being offered. Therefore, the 99 ending pricing strategy is the most effective in communicatig the strongest expectations of recieving a product at a low price. Relationship between price ending and consumer choice theory According to the prospect theory, the consumers’ choice of a product is based on a reference point. This assertion means that consumers are faced by a bundle of goods from which they are required to select the product that will result in utility maximization. Despite the view that consumers aim at maximizing utility, they are constrained by their budget. Consequently, they tend to select a bundle of goods that results in maximum utility. The use of odd-end pricing such as the 9-ending communicates that the retailer is issuing a discount to the consumer. Therefore, the consumer develops the perception that purchasing a product with odd-end pricing will enhance the likelihood of achieving the expected level of utility. One of the core components of the prospect theory is the value function. Using odd-end pricing as opposed to 0-ending plays a fundamental role in communicating the gains associated with purchasing a given product. The expectation of recieving a gain from purchasing a product ending with 9 improves the consumers’ perception of the product, which is referred to as the percieved-gain effect. However, the gain recieved is disproportionate to the percieved discount (Schindler and Kirby 193). Conclusion Consumers are price-sensitive in the thier purchasing process. Therefore, price is one of factors that they evaluate before making a purchasing decision. Despite this aspect, retailers have an opportunity to influence the consumers’ purchasin g decision-making process. This goal can be achieved by adopting effecitve pricing strategies. Retailers should consider pricing as a critical aspect in thier strategic framework. Psychological pricing is one of the most effective strategies that retailers can adopt in thier quest to influence the consumers’ purchasing decision. The effectiveness of psychological pricing strategy arises from its ability to influence the consumers’ perception on the price point. Odd-end pricing strategy has extensively been used by marketers in an effort to influence the consumers’ purchase decizion. The above analysis shows that odd end pricing is effective in communicating value and expected gains to customers, which underscores the principles of the expected utility theory. Through odd-end pricing, consumers develop the perception that the set price has taken into account the discount. Thus, consumers assume that the difference between the price point and the nearest roundoff figure is equal to the price discount offered. Furthermore, odd-end pricing is aligned with the prospect theory, which argues that consumers are required to select the products that will result in utility maximization. However, the consumers’ choice of the bundle of goods is influenced by the price of the product. Therefore, consumers select a particular product based on the price, which acts as the reference point. The analysis above shows that pricing is an important element that retailers should consider in their strategic management practices. The pricing strategy adopted determines the extent to which the firm influences the consumers’ purchasing decision, and hence the likelihood of achieving the profit maximization objective. Works Cited Caplin, Andrew, and John Leahy. â€Å"Psychological expected utility theory and anticipatory feelings.† The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2.2(2001): 59-80. Print. Choi, Jungsil, Lee Kiljae, and Ji Yong-Yeon. â€Å"What type of framing message is more appropriate with nine-ending pricing.† Mark Lett 23.1 (2013): 603-614. Print. Choi, Jungsil, Yexin Li, Rangan Priyamvadha, Rangan Promothesh, and Singh Surendra. â€Å"The odd-ending price justification effect: the influence of price ending on hedonic and utilitarian consumption.† Journal of the Academic Marketing Science 2.2(2014): 1-13. Print. Chovancova, Asamoah. â€Å"The influence of price endings on consumer behaviour; an application of the psychology of perception.† Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59.7(2011): 29-39. Print. Nielson, William, and Jill Stowe. â€Å"A further examination of cummulative prospect theory parameterizations.† The Journal of Risk and Uncertainity 24.1(2002): 31-46. Print. Schindler, Robert. â€Å"Relative price level of 99-ending prices: image versus reality.†Ã‚  Marketing Letters 12.3 (2001): 239-247. Print. —. â€Å"The 99 price ending as a signnal of a low price appeal.† Journal of Retailing  82.1 (2006): 71-77. Print. Schindler, Robert, and Patrick Kirby. â€Å"Patterns of rightmost digits used in advertized prices: implications for nine-ending effects.† Journal of Consumer Research 24.2 (2003): 192-202. Print. Schindler, Robert, and Thomas Kibarian. â€Å"Image communicated by the use of 99 ending in advertized.† Journal of Advertizing 30.4(2001): 96-112. Print. This research paper on Odd and Even Pricing was written and submitted by user Mary Jane Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.